Re:syntax across languages

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Subject: Re:syntax across languages
From: Philippe Lhoste <PhiLho@...>
Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 17:37:33 +0100 (MET)

> Could someone please volunteer and add Lua entries to the study below?
> 
> http://merd.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html

Here is my version. Please, check if I am right, I can have missed some
stuff, or even be wrong on some points!
Either you send the file yourself, or you just comment it, and I will send
it myself.

Note: I have throwed an occasional reference to Basic or JavaScript too :-)

Regards.

-- 
--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--
Philippe Lhoste (Paris -- France)
Professional programmer and amateur artist
http://jove.prohosting.com/~philho/
--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--=#=--

Sent through GMX FreeMail - http://www.gmx.net

Title: syntax across languages

<- back to Pixel's programming languages study page

mirrors : tuxfamily, chez, Mandrake

Introduction

What's this about?

Language Designers:
Looking for operator or function names? Well have a look at the following and remember using existing one may ease the transition :)
Language Users:
You know one language and want to find the corresponding operator or function in another language
Language lovers:
Want to know the various ways people invented for commenting/assigning/...?

This is of course incomplete. I welcome contributions!

This file is generated from a perl script, so the most welcome contributions are the modification on cross-syntax.html.pl (and not the html file).

Various Operators

commenting

until end of line

# Awk, E, Icon, merd, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Shell, Tcl

// C++, C99, Dylan, E, Java, PHP

-- Ada, Cecil, Eiffel, Haskell, Lua, Sather, Simula

; Lisp, Rebol

% Erlang, Postscript, Prolog, TeX

' Basic

\ Forth

nestable

(* ... *) Beta, ML, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal

{ ... } Pascal

{- ... -} Haskell

non nestable

" ... " Smalltalk

/* ... */ C, C++, Java, PHP

 HTML, XML

assignment/declaration

= Basic, C, C++, Erlang, Haskell, Icon, Java, Lua, Mercury, merd, Mozart, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby

:= Ada, Cecil, Dylan, E, Eiffel, merd, ML, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Sather, Simula, Smalltalk

<- Haskell, OCaml

:- Prolog

: Rebol

-> (1) Beta

define Scheme

def E, PostScript

setq Lisp

set Tcl

defun Lisp

function call

f(a, b, ...) Basic, C, C++, E, Java, Lua, Pascal, PHP, Python, Ruby

f a b ... Haskell, OCaml, SML, Tcl

f a, b, ... (Visual?) Basic
sequence

; C, C++, E, Java, Lua, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Tcl

end-of-line Basic, E, Lua, merd, Python, Ruby, Tcl
grouping expressions

( ... ) C, C++, E, Haskell, Java, Lua, merd, OCaml, Pascal, PHP, Python, Ruby, SML, Tcl

indentation merd

begin ... end OCaml, Ruby

space (2) merd
block (grouping statements, when statements are not expressions)

[ ... ] Tcl

{ ... } PHP

{ ... } (3) C, C++, E, Java

begin ... end (3) Pascal

do ... end (3) Lua

indentation Python

indentation (3) Haskell, merd

method invocation

. Basic, Beta, C++, Cecil, Delphi/Kylix, Eiffel, Icon, Java, Lua, merd, Modula-3, Python, Ruby, Sather, Visual

: Lua

# OCaml

functional syntax (4) CLOS, Dylan, Haskell, Mercury

object method para (5) Smalltalk, Tcl

object method(para) E

object <- method(para) (6) E

[ object method ] (7) Objective-C

-> C++, Perl, PHP

package scope

. E, Java, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Python, Ruby

:: C++, merd, Perl, Tcl

' Ada, Perl

__ Mercury

' Ada
record selector

. Ada, Beta, C, C++, E, OCaml, Pascal, Python

^ Mercury

r { field } merd

field r Haskell

-> C, C++

#field r ML
equality/inequality
shallow

== != C, C++, Java, OCaml, Perl, Tcl

== ~= Lua

== === != PHP

eq ne Perl, Tcl

deep

== != C++, E

== /= Haskell

= <> OCaml
comparison

< > <= >= C, C++, Haskell, Java, Lua, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Tcl

lt gt le ge Perl

returns 3 values

a <=> b E, merd, Perl, Ruby

cmp Perl, Python

compare Haskell, OCaml

strcmp PHP

string compare Tcl

compareTo E

if_then_else

if c then a else b Haskell, merd, ML, OCaml, Pascal

if c then a else b end Basic, Lua, Ruby

if (c) a else b C, C++, Java, PHP

if c: a else: b Python

if {c} ?then? {a} ?else? {b} Tcl

if (c): a else: b endif PHP

if (c) {a} else {b} C,C++, E, Perl

c a b ifelse PostScript

c ? a : b C, C++, Java, Perl, PHP, Ruby

type annotation

: E, Eiffel, ML, OCaml

:: Haskell, Mercury

!! merd
type cast

(t) e C, C++, Java, PHP

t(e) Pascal

e :> t OCaml
dictionary constructor

[ a => b, c => d ] E

array( a => b, c => d ) PHP

{ a => b, c => d } Perl, Ruby

{ a, b, c, d } Perl, Ruby

{ a: b, c: d } Python

{ a="b", c="d" } Lua

<< a b c d >> PostScript
range (inclusive .. inclusive)

a .. b E, merd, Pascal, Perl, Ruby

[ a .. b ] Haskell

range PHP, Python
range (inclusive .. exclusive)

a ..! b E
tuple constructor

( a, b, c ) Haskell, merd, ML, OCaml, Prolog, Python

a, b, c Lua
dictionary access

a[e] E, PHP, Python, Ruby

a["e"] Lua

$a{e} Perl

$a(e) Tcl

a e get (8) PostScript
throw exception

raise OCaml, Python

throw C++, erlang, Java, Scheme

die Perl

return -code Tcl
catch exception

try: a except exn: b Python

try a with exn -> b OCaml

try a catch (exn) b Java

eval Perl

catch erlang, Scheme, Tcl
runtime evaluation

eval Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Tcl

dostring("x=a*b") Lua

Strings

strings

verbatim

'...' _javascript_, Lua, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby

"..." C, C++, Haskell, Java, _javascript_, Lua, OCaml, Pascal, Python, SML

'''...''', """...""" Python

[[...]] Lua

<<'MARK' ... MARK Perl, Ruby, sh

{...{...}...} Tcl

q(...(...)...), q[...], q{...}, q<...>, q/.../ Perl

%q(...(...)...), %q[...], %q{...}, %q<...>, %q/.../ Ruby

q(...(...)...) merd

with interpolation

"... $v ..." Perl, PHP, Tcl

"... {v} ..." merd

"... #{v} ..." Ruby

<<MARK ... $v ... MARK Perl, Ruby, sh

<<<MARK ... $v ... MARK PHP

[ subst {...{... $v ...}...} ] Tcl

qq(...(... $v ...)...), qq[...], qq{...}, qq<...>, qq/.../ Perl

%Q(...(... $v ...)...), %Q[...], %Q{...}, %Q<...>, %Q/.../ Perl

qq(...(... {v} ...)...) merd

convert something to a string

sprintf C, C++

show Haskell

format Lua

to_s Ruby

toString Java

"" + e E, Java

str Python

cvs PostScript
string concatenation

+ C++, E, Java, _javascript_, merd, Pascal, Python, Ruby

. Perl, PHP

^ ML, OCaml

|| Cecil

++ Haskell

.. Lua

& Visual Basic

$a$b Tcl
duplicate n times

* E, Python, Ruby

x Perl

times merd

str_repeat PHP

strrep Lua

string repeat Tcl
upper/lower case character

upcase/downcase Ruby

uc/lc Perl

toUpper/toLower Haskell

toUpperCase/toLowerCase E, Java

uppercase/lowercase OCaml

string toupper/string tolower Tcl

strupper/strlower Lua

toupper/tolower C, C++
uppercase/lowercase string

upcase/downcase Ruby

toUpperCase/toLowerCase E, Java

uc/lc Perl

strtoupper/strtolower PHP

string toupper/string tolower Tcl

strupper/strlower Lua
ascii to character

chr Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby

format %c $c Tcl

toChar E

strchar Lua

(char) c C, C++, Java
character to ascii

ord Haskell, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python

getNumericValue Java

code OCaml

s[0] Ruby

s 0 get PostScript

scan $s %c Tcl

toInteger E

strbyte Lua

(int) c C, C++, Java

Booleans

false value

undef/0/""/() Perl

None/0/""/() Python

NULL/0/'\0' C

NULL/0/'\0'/false C++

no/off/false/0 Tcl

nil/false Ruby

nil Lua, Scheme

False Haskell, merd

false E, Java, OCaml, Pascal, PostScript
true value

anything not false C, Lua, Perl, Python

true/anything not false C++, Ruby

t/anything not false Scheme

yes/on/true/non zero number Tcl

True Haskell, merd

true E, Java, OCaml, Pascal, PostScript
logical not

! C, C++, Java, Perl, PHP, Ruby, Tcl

~ Lua

not Haskell, OCaml, Python
logical or/and
short circuit

||/&& C, C++, E, Haskell, Java, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Ruby, Tcl

or/and Lua, Modula-2, Perl, PHP, PostScript, Python, Ruby

or else/and then Ada

non short circuit (always evaluates both arguments)

|/& Java, OCaml

or/and Ada, Pascal

Bags and Lists

list concatenation

+ E, merd, Python, Ruby

, (9) Perl

@ OCaml

++ Haskell

array_merge PHP

concat Tcl
list flattening (one level depth)

concat Haskell, Mercury

flatten OCaml

eval concat Tcl
list flattening (recursive)

flatten Ruby
list constructor

[ a, b, c ] E, Haskell, merd, Perl, PostScript, Prolog, Ruby

( a, b, c ) Perl

{ a, b, c } Lua

[ a ; b ; c ] OCaml

[ a b c ] Mozart

'(a b c) Lisp

list Lisp, Tcl
list/array indexing

a[i] C, C++, E, Java, Lua, merd, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby

!! Haskell, Mercury

a i get (10) PostScript

lindex Tcl
list cons

: Haskell

:: OCaml

| Mozart, Prolog

cons Lisp
iterate

each merd, Ruby

for in E, Python, Ruby

foreach Lua, Perl, Tcl

for-each Scheme

forall PostScript

iter OCaml

mapM_ Haskell
transform

map Haskell, Mercury, merd, OCaml, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme

collect Ruby

array_map PHP

[ f x | x <- l ] (11) Haskell

[ f(x) for x in l ] (11) Python
transform two lists in parallel

map2 OCaml

zipWith Haskell

map Python, Scheme
find an element

find Haskell, merd, OCaml, Ruby, Scheme

detect Ruby

lsearch Tcl
keep elements matching

find_all OCaml, Ruby

filter Haskell, Mercury, merd, OCaml, Python, Scheme

grep Perl

select Ruby

reject Ruby

[ x | x <- l, p x ] (11) Haskell

[ x for x in l if p(x) ] (11) Python
f(... f(f(init, e1), e2) ..., en)

foldl Haskell, Mercury, merd

fold_left OCaml

fold Scheme

reduce CommonLisp, Python

inject Ruby, Smalltalk
f(e1, f(e2, ... f(en, init) ...))

foldr Haskell, Mercury, merd

fold-right Scheme

fold_right OCaml
split a list in 2 based on a predicate

partition Haskell, merd, OCaml, Scheme
is an element in the list

member? merd, Ruby

include? Ruby

mem OCaml

member Scheme

in Python

in_array PHP

elem Haskell, Mercury
is the predicate true for an element

any Haskell, Mercury, Scheme

any? Ruby

exists OCaml

exists? merd
is the predicate true for every element

all Haskell, Mercury

all? merd, Ruby

for_all OCaml

every Scheme
smallest/biggest element

min/max Python, Ruby, Scheme

minimum/maximum Haskell, Mercury, merd
list out of a bag

to_a Ruby

to_list merd
list size

size E, merd, Ruby

length Haskell, Java, Mercury, OCaml, PostScript, Ruby, Scheme

len Python

llength Tcl

getn Lua
iterate with index

each_with_index merd, Ruby

foreach($a as $i => $v PHP

for i => v in l E

foreachi Lua
sort

sort E, Haskell, Lua, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme

sort_by merd

sortBy Haskell

lsort Tcl
remove duplicates

uniq merd, Ruby

nub Haskell

array_unique PHP

delete-duplicates Scheme

lsort -unique Tcl
list of couples from 2 lists

combine OCaml

zip Haskell, merd, Python, Scheme
2 lists from a list of couples

split OCaml

unzip Haskell, merd

unzip2 Scheme
reverse

reverse Haskell, Mercury, merd, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme

rev OCaml

array_reverse PHP
lookup an element in a association list

lookup Haskell

assoc OCaml, Ruby, Scheme

Mathematics

power

** E, OCaml, Perl, Python, Ruby

^ Haskell, Lua

pow C, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Tcl

power Delphi/Kylix

exp PostScript
square root / exponential / absolute value

sqrt/exp/abs C, C++, E, Java, Lua, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, tcl

sqrt//abs PostScript
trigonometry

cos/sin/tan C, C++, E, Java, Lua, Pascal, PHP, Python, Ruby, Tcl

cos/sin/ Perl, PostScript
logarithm

log/log10 C, C++, Lua, PHP, Python, Ruby, Tcl

ln/ Pascal

ln/log10 Delphi/Kylix

ln/log PostScript

log/ E, Java, Perl
euclidian division (both quotient and modulo)

divmod Python, Ruby
modulo
modulo of -3 / 2 is 1

% Perl, Python, Ruby, Tcl

%% E

modulo Ruby

modulo of -3 / 2 is -1

% C, C++, E, Java, PHP

mod Lua, Pascal, PostScript

remainder Ruby
round/floor/ceil

round/floor/ceil C, C++, E, Java, Lua, PHP, Python, Ruby, Tcl

round/floor/ceiling PostScript

Remarks

(1) variable on the right
(2) cf horizontal layout
(3) introduce scope
(4) object as first parameter
(5) the operator is space
(6) eventual send
(7) with parameters it gets: [ object method:para ]
(8) for write access: a e o put
(9) flattened
(10) for write access: a i o put
(11) list comprehension

Credits

Yoann 'Pad' Padioleau (Haskell additions, various fixes)
Jakub Travnik (Pascal, Delphi/Kylix)
Robert Feldt (Ruby additions)
Pascal Terjan (PHP)
Carlos 'angus' (PostScript)
Axel Kittenberger (various)
Guido van Rossum (block vs scoping)
Jeffrey Hobbs (Tcl)
Mark-Jason Dominus (ML, various)
Ash Searle (Java, PHP)
Mark S. Miller (E)
Pete Jinks (various)
Steve Tolkin (various)

This document is licensed under GFDL (GNU Free Documentation License).

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Index(es):
- Date
- Thread

`#`	Awk, E, Icon, merd, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Shell, Tcl
`//`	C++, C99, Dylan, E, Java, PHP
`--`	Ada, Cecil, Eiffel, Haskell, Lua, Sather, Simula
`;`	Lisp, Rebol
`%`	Erlang, Postscript, Prolog, TeX
`'`	Basic
`\`	Forth

`(* ... *)`	Beta, ML, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal
`{ ... }`	Pascal
`{- ... -}`	Haskell

`" ... "`	Smalltalk
`/* ... */`	C, C++, Java, PHP
`<!-- ... -->`	HTML, XML

`=`	Basic, C, C++, Erlang, Haskell, Icon, Java, Lua, Mercury, merd, Mozart, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby
`:=`	Ada, Cecil, Dylan, E, Eiffel, merd, ML, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Sather, Simula, Smalltalk
`<-`	Haskell, OCaml
`:-`	Prolog
`:`	Rebol
`-> (1)`	Beta
`define`	Scheme
`def`	E, PostScript
`setq`	Lisp
`set`	Tcl
`defun`	Lisp

`f(a, b, ...)`	Basic, C, C++, E, Java, Lua, Pascal, PHP, Python, Ruby
`f a b ...`	Haskell, OCaml, SML, Tcl
`f a, b, ...`	(Visual?) Basic

`;`	C, C++, E, Java, Lua, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Tcl
`end-of-line`	Basic, E, Lua, merd, Python, Ruby, Tcl

`( ... )`	C, C++, E, Haskell, Java, Lua, merd, OCaml, Pascal, PHP, Python, Ruby, SML, Tcl
`indentation`	merd
`begin ... end`	OCaml, Ruby
`space (2)`	merd

`[ ... ]`	Tcl
`{ ... }`	PHP
`{ ... } (3)`	C, C++, E, Java
`begin ... end (3)`	Pascal
`do ... end (3)`	Lua
`indentation`	Python
`indentation (3)`	Haskell, merd

`.`	Basic, Beta, C++, Cecil, Delphi/Kylix, Eiffel, Icon, Java, Lua, merd, Modula-3, Python, Ruby, Sather, Visual
`:`	Lua
`#`	OCaml
`functional syntax (4)`	CLOS, Dylan, Haskell, Mercury
`object method para (5)`	Smalltalk, Tcl
`object method(para)`	E
`object <- method(para) (6)`	E
`[ object method ] (7)`	Objective-C
`->`	C++, Perl, PHP

`.`	E, Java, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Python, Ruby
`::`	C++, merd, Perl, Tcl
`'`	Ada, Perl
`__`	Mercury
`'`	Ada

`== !=`	C, C++, Java, OCaml, Perl, Tcl
`== ~=`	Lua
`== === !=`	PHP
`eq ne`	Perl, Tcl

`== !=`	C++, E
`== /=`	Haskell
`= <>`	OCaml

`try: a except exn: b`	Python
`try a with exn -> b`	OCaml
`try a catch (exn) b`	Java
`eval`	Perl
`catch`	erlang, Scheme, Tcl

`sprintf`	C, C++
`show`	Haskell
`format`	Lua
`to_s`	Ruby
`toString`	Java
`"" + e`	E, Java
`str`	Python
`cvs`	PostScript

`.`	Ada, Beta, C, C++, E, OCaml, Pascal, Python
`^`	Mercury
`r { field }`	merd
`field r`	Haskell
`->`	C, C++
`#field r`	ML

`< > <= >=`	C, C++, Haskell, Java, Lua, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Tcl
`lt gt le ge`	Perl

`a <=> b`	E, merd, Perl, Ruby
`cmp`	Perl, Python
`compare`	Haskell, OCaml
`strcmp`	PHP
`string compare`	Tcl
`compareTo`	E

`if c then a else b`	Haskell, merd, ML, OCaml, Pascal
`if c then a else b end`	Basic, Lua, Ruby
`if (c) a else b`	C, C++, Java, PHP
`if c: a else: b`	Python
`if {c} ?then? {a} ?else? {b}`	Tcl
`if (c): a else: b endif`	PHP
`if (c) {a} else {b}`	C,C++, E, Perl
`c a b ifelse`	PostScript
`c ? a : b`	C, C++, Java, Perl, PHP, Ruby

`[ a => b, c => d ]`	E
`array( a => b, c => d )`	PHP
`{ a => b, c => d }`	Perl, Ruby
`{ a, b, c, d }`	Perl, Ruby
`{ a: b, c: d }`	Python
`{ a="b", c="d" }`	Lua
`<< a b c d >>`	PostScript

`a .. b`	E, merd, Pascal, Perl, Ruby
`[ a .. b ]`	Haskell
`range`	PHP, Python

`( a, b, c )`	Haskell, merd, ML, OCaml, Prolog, Python
`a, b, c`	Lua

`a[e]`	E, PHP, Python, Ruby
`a["e"]`	Lua
`$a{e}`	Perl
`$a(e)`	Tcl
`a e get (8)`	PostScript

`raise`	OCaml, Python
`throw`	C++, erlang, Java, Scheme
`die`	Perl
`return -code`	Tcl

`eval`	Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Tcl
`dostring("x=a*b")`	Lua

`'...'`	_javascript_, Lua, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby
`"..."`	C, C++, Haskell, Java, _javascript_, Lua, OCaml, Pascal, Python, SML
`'''...''', """..."""`	Python
`[[...]]`	Lua
`<<'MARK' ... MARK`	Perl, Ruby, sh
`{...{...}...}`	Tcl
`q(...(...)...), q[...], q{...}, q<...>, q/.../`	Perl
`%q(...(...)...), %q[...], %q{...}, %q<...>, %q/.../`	Ruby
`q(...(...)...)`	merd

`"... $v ..."`	Perl, PHP, Tcl
`"... {v} ..."`	merd
`"... #{v} ..."`	Ruby
`<<MARK ... $v ... MARK`	Perl, Ruby, sh
`<<<MARK ... $v ... MARK`	PHP
`[ subst {...{... $v ...}...} ]`	Tcl
`qq(...(... $v ...)...), qq[...], qq{...}, qq<...>, qq/.../`	Perl
`%Q(...(... $v ...)...), %Q[...], %Q{...}, %Q<...>, %Q/.../`	Perl
`qq(...(... {v} ...)...)`	merd

`+`	C++, E, Java, _javascript_, merd, Pascal, Python, Ruby
`.`	Perl, PHP
`^`	ML, OCaml
`\|\|`	Cecil
`++`	Haskell
`..`	Lua
`&`	Visual Basic
`$a$b`	Tcl

`*`	E, Python, Ruby
`x`	Perl
`times`	merd
`str_repeat`	PHP
`strrep`	Lua
`string repeat`	Tcl

`upcase/downcase`	Ruby
`uc/lc`	Perl
`toUpper/toLower`	Haskell
`toUpperCase/toLowerCase`	E, Java
`uppercase/lowercase`	OCaml
`string toupper/string tolower`	Tcl
`strupper/strlower`	Lua
`toupper/tolower`	C, C++

`chr`	Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby
`format %c $c`	Tcl
`toChar`	E
`strchar`	Lua
`(char) c`	C, C++, Java

`ord`	Haskell, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python
`getNumericValue`	Java
`code`	OCaml
`s[0]`	Ruby
`s 0 get`	PostScript
`scan $s %c`	Tcl
`toInteger`	E
`strbyte`	Lua
`(int) c`	C, C++, Java

`undef/0/""/()`	Perl
`None/0/""/()`	Python
`NULL/0/'\0'`	C
`NULL/0/'\0'/false`	C++
`no/off/false/0`	Tcl
`nil/false`	Ruby
`nil`	Lua, Scheme
`False`	Haskell, merd
`false`	E, Java, OCaml, Pascal, PostScript

`anything not false`	C, Lua, Perl, Python
`true/anything not false`	C++, Ruby
`t/anything not false`	Scheme
`yes/on/true/non zero number`	Tcl
`True`	Haskell, merd
`true`	E, Java, OCaml, Pascal, PostScript

`!`	C, C++, Java, Perl, PHP, Ruby, Tcl
`~`	Lua
`not`	Haskell, OCaml, Python