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> >function escape( s ) return ( s:gsub( '%p', '%%%1' ) ) end
> 
> I'm a bit puzzled why this one works. `%1` is supposed to refer to the 
> first capture, but there is no capture in your pattern ...

  "if the pattern specifies no captures, then it behaves as if the whole
   pattern was inside a capture."

  http://www.lua.org/manual/5.2/manual.html#pdf-string.gsub